Diversity of people settlement in urban areas

Diversify the Concentration of population in one city.

I hereby advise the people for not to concentrate into the particular popular city for living and increase the population in one place.

There are so many lands available out of the developed city.

Cost of living also higher in the developed city.

Cost of land is higher in the developed city.

Cost of land and living is comparatively less in the sub-urban areas.  Hence we can get more land and peaceful life in outside of city.

Too many population in one area is not advice-able for peaceful life.

Although there are many job opportunities available in the city, many other towns are also equally having the opportunities. Only the people is not utilizing the opportunities.

According to latest technology and internet development, one can develop any business in any place. It is not necessary to be the city.

So, We will develop all our small towns and live peaceful and with technical development.



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Plasticity Index

Plasticity Index

The plasticity index (PI) is a measure of the plasticity of a soil. The plasticity index is the size of the range of water contents where the soil exhibits plastic properties. The PI is the difference between the liquid limit and the plastic limit (PI = LL-PL). Soils with a high PI tend to be clay, those with a lower PI tend to be silt, and those with a PI of 0 (non-plastic) tend to have little or no silt or clay.

PI and their meanings

·         (0-3)- Non plastic

·         (3-15) - Slightly plastic

·         (15-30) - Medium plastic

·         >30 - Highly plastic.

Plasticity Index

To Calculate the plasticity index as follows: PI = LL ‑ PL where:

LL = liquid limit, and PL = plastic limit.

The liquid limit (LL) is conceptually defined as the water content at which the behavior of a clayey soil changes from plastic to liquid. However, the transition from plastic to liquid behavior is gradual over a range of water contents, and the shear strength of the soil is not actually zero at the liquid limit. The precise definition of the liquid limit is based on standard test procedures described below.

The original liquid limit test of Atterberg's involved mixing a pat of clay in a round-bottomed porcelain bowl of 10–12 cm diameter. A groove was cut through the pat of clay with a spatula, and the bowl was then struck many times against the palm of one hand. Casagrande subsequently standardized the apparatus and the procedures to make the measurement more repeatable. Soil is placed into the metal cup portion of the device and a groove is made down its center with a standardized tool of 13.5 millimetres (0.53 in) width. The cup is repeatedly dropped 10 mm onto a hard rubber base at a rate of 120 blows per minute, during which the groove closes up gradually as a result of the impact. The number of blows for the groove to close is recorded. The moisture content at which it takes 25 drops of the cup to cause the groove to close over a distance of 13.5 millimetres (0.53 in) is defined as the liquid limit. The test is normally run at several moisture contents, and the moisture content which requires 25 blows to close the groove is interpolated from the test results. The Liquid Limit test is defined by ASTM standard test method D 4318.^[3] The test method also allows running the test at one moisture content where 20 to 30 blows are required to close the groove; then a correction factor is applied to obtain the liquid limit from the moisture content.^[4]

Another method for measuring the liquid limit is the fall cone test, also called the cone penetrometer test. It is based on the measurement of penetration into the soil of a standardized cone of specific mass. Although the Casagrande test is widely used across North America, the fall cone test is much more prevalent in Europe due to being less dependent on the operator in determining the Liquid Limit.

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