Bitumen Extraction Test

Bitumen Extraction Test is used to determine the percentage of bitumen content present in the asphaltic pavement by cold solvent extraction.

The properties of flexible pavement such as durability, compatibility, and resistance from defects bleeding, raveling, and aging of flexible pavement are majorly dependent on the percentage of bitumen used with the aggregate to lay the pavement.

Aim of the Test

To determine the binder content (bitumen) in the asphalt mix by cold solvent extraction method.

Code References

1. IRC: SP 11 –1988 (Appendix – 5)
2. ASTM D 2172

Apparatus Required

1. Centrifuge
2. Balance of capacity 500 grams and sensitivity 0.01grams.
3. Thermostatically controlled oven with capacity up to 2500 C.
4. Beaker for collecting extracted material.

Procedure of Test

1. Take exactly 500 grams of the representative sample and place it in the bowl of the extraction apparatus (W1).
2. Add benzene to the sample until it is completely submerged.
3. Dry and weigh the filter paper and place it over the bowl of the extraction apparatus containing the sample (B).
4. Clamp the cover of the bowl tightly.
5. Place a beaker under the drain pipe to collect the extract.
6. Sufficient time (not more than an hour) is allowed for the solvent to disintegrate the sample before running the centrifuge.
7. Run the centrifuge slowly and then gradually increase the speed to a maximum of 3600 rpm.
8. Maintain the same speed till the solvent ceases to flow from the drain pipe.
9. Run the centrifuge until the bitumen and benzene are drained out completely.
10. Stop the machine, remove the cover and add 200ml of benzene to the material in the extraction bowl and the extraction is done in the same process as described above.
11. Repeat the same process not less than three times till the extraction is clear and not darker than a light straw color.
12. Collect the material from the bowl of the extraction machine along with the filter paper and dry it to constant weight in the oven at a temperature of 1050 C to 1100 C and cool to room temperature.
13. Weigh the material (W2) and the filter paper (D) separately to an accuracy of 0.01grams.

Calculation and Observation

Sl No	Observation	Sample 1	Sample 2	Sample 3
1	Weight of mix taken before extraction (W1)
2	Weight of filter paper before extraction (B)
3	Weight of mix after extraction (W2)
4	Weight of filter paper after extraction (D)
5	Weight of filler collected in filter paper (B-D) =W3

The formula to calculate the percentage of binder content is given by-

Report

The average percentage of Binder content in the given Bitumen Mix = _______%

The result obtained shall be reported as the percentage of binder content in the mix to the nearest second decimal.

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Bump Integrator Test

After construction of New Road, there will be one test to know the frequency of bumps on the newly constructed Road. 

Bump Integrator also known as Roughometer or Automatic Road Unevenness Recorder gives quantitative integrated evaluation of surface irregularities on an digital counter I LCD screen. It comprises of a single wheeled trailer, with a pneumatic tyre mounted on a chassis, on which an integrating device is fitted.

Automatic Road Unevenness Recorder / Bump Integrator

• An Indigenous device developed by CRRI
• It comprises of a standard pneumatic wheel mounted within a rectangular frame with single leaf spring on either side.
• Spring dashpots mounted on the leaf spring provide damping for the suspension
• Integrating unit, mounted on one side of the frame integrates the unevenness in cm.
• For the measurement It is towed by a jeep at a constant speed of 32 kmph under standard tyre pressure of 2.1 kg/cm2 along the designated wheel path
• Bumps in cm and corresponding road length in terms of wheel revolution pulses are displayed / recorded on a panel board

Vehicle Mounted Bump Integrator With GPS (ROMDAS Bump Integrator)

• It is a Vehicle Mounted Bump Integrator System
• This Vehicle Mounted Bump Integrator consists of an integrating unit which is mounted in the dicky on the rear axle of a car/jeep.
• Integrating unit, mounted on the dicky integrates the unevenness in cm or pulses.
• For the measurement vehicle is run at a constant speed of 32 kmph
• Bumps in cm or pulses and corresponding road length in meters are recorded on a computer based data acquisition system.

The unevenness of road is calculated in either one of the above mentioned method. 

Unevenness index is a measure of unevenness which is the cumulative measure of vertical undulations of the pavement surface recorded per unit horizontal length of the road.

Roughometer is a high speed device used for measuring pavement surface roughness. It is a portable type equipment and consists of a small accelerometer (sensor) device installed at the rear axle of survey vehicle, a distance measuring instrument, interface module and a controller. The pavement roughness measurements using this equipment are required to be done preferably at a speed in between 40 to 60 km/hr, in order to obtain most reliable and accurate data. The output is in the units of International Roughness Index (IRI).

 

    A Typical view of Roughometer Control Panel with GPS

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Liquid limit video

To know about Liquid limit test please see the link

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pM-w_cvk1nA


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zGgJdE9j2EI



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Diversity of people settlement in urban areas

Diversify the Concentration of population in one city.

I hereby advise the people for not to concentrate into the particular popular city for living and increase the population in one place.

There are so many lands available out of the developed city.

Cost of living also higher in the developed city.

Cost of land is higher in the developed city.

Cost of land and living is comparatively less in the sub-urban areas.  Hence we can get more land and peaceful life in outside of city.

Too many population in one area is not advice-able for peaceful life.

Although there are many job opportunities available in the city, many other towns are also equally having the opportunities. Only the people is not utilizing the opportunities.

According to latest technology and internet development, one can develop any business in any place. It is not necessary to be the city.

So, We will develop all our small towns and live peaceful and with technical development.



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Plasticity Index

Plasticity Index

The plasticity index (PI) is a measure of the plasticity of a soil. The plasticity index is the size of the range of water contents where the soil exhibits plastic properties. The PI is the difference between the liquid limit and the plastic limit (PI = LL-PL). Soils with a high PI tend to be clay, those with a lower PI tend to be silt, and those with a PI of 0 (non-plastic) tend to have little or no silt or clay.

PI and their meanings

·         (0-3)- Non plastic

·         (3-15) - Slightly plastic

·         (15-30) - Medium plastic

·         >30 - Highly plastic.

Plasticity Index

To Calculate the plasticity index as follows: PI = LL ‑ PL where:

LL = liquid limit, and PL = plastic limit.

The liquid limit (LL) is conceptually defined as the water content at which the behavior of a clayey soil changes from plastic to liquid. However, the transition from plastic to liquid behavior is gradual over a range of water contents, and the shear strength of the soil is not actually zero at the liquid limit. The precise definition of the liquid limit is based on standard test procedures described below.

The original liquid limit test of Atterberg's involved mixing a pat of clay in a round-bottomed porcelain bowl of 10–12 cm diameter. A groove was cut through the pat of clay with a spatula, and the bowl was then struck many times against the palm of one hand. Casagrande subsequently standardized the apparatus and the procedures to make the measurement more repeatable. Soil is placed into the metal cup portion of the device and a groove is made down its center with a standardized tool of 13.5 millimetres (0.53 in) width. The cup is repeatedly dropped 10 mm onto a hard rubber base at a rate of 120 blows per minute, during which the groove closes up gradually as a result of the impact. The number of blows for the groove to close is recorded. The moisture content at which it takes 25 drops of the cup to cause the groove to close over a distance of 13.5 millimetres (0.53 in) is defined as the liquid limit. The test is normally run at several moisture contents, and the moisture content which requires 25 blows to close the groove is interpolated from the test results. The Liquid Limit test is defined by ASTM standard test method D 4318.^[3] The test method also allows running the test at one moisture content where 20 to 30 blows are required to close the groove; then a correction factor is applied to obtain the liquid limit from the moisture content.^[4]

Another method for measuring the liquid limit is the fall cone test, also called the cone penetrometer test. It is based on the measurement of penetration into the soil of a standardized cone of specific mass. Although the Casagrande test is widely used across North America, the fall cone test is much more prevalent in Europe due to being less dependent on the operator in determining the Liquid Limit.

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Construction is passion

Construction of a structure either it is house or public property, it gives complete satisfaction once if we start the work and complete in time as per our plan.

Our Thoughts can be modified into reality only through Construction.

Whatever the design appear in our thought, it is possible to implement to create the same with only few basic fundamentals.

Dream, Dream, Dream.

At last Create your reality show which appeared in your dream.

Cement, Wood, Steel, Aluminium or any material can be used as you think, i.e. as you design to create your dream world.

Possible.  Everything is possible.

Be Positive.

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DETAILS OF PLASTICITY INDEX, LIQUID LIMIT AND PLASTIC LIMIT OF SOIL

Plasticity Index

The plasticity index (PI) is a measure of the plasticity of a soil. The plasticity index is the size of the range of water contents where the soil exhibits plastic properties. The PI is the difference between the liquid limit and the plastic limit (PI = LL-PL). Soils with a high PI tend to be clay, those with a lower PI tend to be silt, and those with a PI of 0 (non-plastic) tend to have little or no silt or clay.

PI and their meanings

·         (0-3)- Non plastic

·         (3-15) - Slightly plastic

·         (15-30) - Medium plastic

·         >30 - Highly plastic.

Plasticity Index

To Calculate the plasticity index as follows: PI = LL ‑ PL where:

LL = liquid limit, and PL = plastic limit.

Liquid limit

The liquid limit (LL) is conceptually defined as the water content at which the behavior of a clayey soil changes from plastic to liquid. However, the transition from plastic to liquid behavior is gradual over a range of water contents, and the shear strength of the soil is not actually zero at the liquid limit. The precise definition of the liquid limit is based on standard test procedures described below.

The original liquid limit test of Atterberg's involved mixing a pat of clay in a round-bottomed porcelain bowl of 10–12 cm diameter. A groove was cut through the pat of clay with a spatula, and the bowl was then struck many times against the palm of one hand. Casagrande subsequently standardized the apparatus and the procedures to make the measurement more repeatable. Soil is placed into the metal cup portion of the device and a groove is made down its center with a standardized tool of 13.5 millimetres (0.53 in) width. The cup is repeatedly dropped 10 mm onto a hard rubber base at a rate of 120 blows per minute, during which the groove closes up gradually as a result of the impact. The number of blows for the groove to close is recorded. The moisture content at which it takes 25 drops of the cup to cause the groove to close over a distance of 13.5 millimetres (0.53 in) is defined as the liquid limit. The test is normally run at several moisture contents, and the moisture content which requires 25 blows to close the groove is interpolated from the test results. The Liquid Limit test is defined by ASTM standard test method D 4318.^[3] The test method also allows running the test at one moisture content where 20 to 30 blows are required to close the groove; then a correction factor is applied to obtain the liquid limit from the moisture content.^[4]

Another method for measuring the liquid limit is the fall cone test, also called the cone penetrometer test. It is based on the measurement of penetration into the soil of a standardized cone of specific mass. Although the Casagrande test is widely used across North America, the fall cone test is much more prevalent in Europe due to being less dependent on the operator in determining the Liquid Limit.

Plastic limit

The plastic limit (PL) is determined by rolling out a thread of the fine portion of a soil on a flat, non-porous surface. The procedure is defined in ASTM Standard D 4318. If the soil is at a moisture content where its behavior is plastic, this thread will retain its shape down to a very narrow diameter. The sample can then be remoulded and the test repeated. As the moisture content falls due to evaporation, the thread will begin to break apart at larger diameters. The plastic limit is defined as the moisture content where the thread breaks apart at a diameter of 3.2 mm (about 1/8 inch). A soil is considered non-plastic if a thread cannot be rolled out down to 3.2 mm at any moisture.

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